Below you will find a selection of policy papers, presentations, and other materials that were shared during the conference sessions. These resources are available for download to support ongoing learning, collaboration, and action. Please note that not all sessions had materials that could be shared publicly.
Day 1
Chair: Africa Melane
Speakers: Mosa Moshabela (University of Cape Town), Audrey Rojkoff (Agence Française de Développement), Rudi Dicks (Presidency)
Closed
Head of Project Management Office, the Presidency, Rudi Dicks
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Description
This session allows government to set the scene of what’s happened since the democratic transition,
to reflect on the NPC’s 2024 report that said the NDP’s 2030 goals would not be met, and to set the
scene for what’s needed from the academic, civil society and policy communities immediately to
assist government to shepherd in a new era of pro-poor economic growth & development.
Moderator: Africa Melane
Speakers: Boitumelo Ramatsetse (National Planning Commission), Julian May (National Planning Commission)
Closed
Description
Since 1994, South Africa’s fiscal policy has undergone significant transformation, initially marked by
prudent macroeconomic management, a commitment to reducing public debt, and the introduction of the Growth,
Employment, and Redistribution (GEAR) strategy in the late 1990s. These efforts contributed to fiscal consolidation, debt
reduction, and improved investor confidence. However, from the late 2000s onwards, rising government expenditure—
particularly on social grants, public sector wages, and state-owned enterprises (SOEs)—led to growing fiscal deficits
and mounting public debt, exacerbated by low economic growth and revenue shortfalls. The COVID-19 pandemic
further strained public finances, pushing debt-to-GDP ratios higher and reducing fiscal space. Looking ahead from 2024,
South Africa faces major fiscal challenges, including the need to stabilise debt dynamics, improve tax compliance,
address inefficiencies in SOEs, and navigate pressures for increased social spending amid high unemployment and
inequality. Structural reforms to boost growth, enhance revenue collection, and contain expenditure will be crucial for
long-term fiscal sustainability. This panel will engage with the commissioned research paper by Estian Calitz evaluating
fiscal policy over the last 30 years and provide guidance on the steps to be taken for next 5 years with respect to
developing new policy guidelines.
Chair: Duncan Pieterse (National Treasury)
Setting the Scene: Estian Calitz (Stellenbosch University)
Discussants: Russell Wildeman (United Nations Children’s Fund), Ingrid Woolard (University of Sussex), Thokozile Madonko (University of the Witwatersrand)
Closed
Description
Since 1994, South Africa’s industrial policy has aimed to transform the economy from its apartheid-era
dependence on mining and resource extraction toward a more diversified, inclusive, and competitive industrial base.
Key initiatives, such as the Industrial Policy Action Plans (IPAPs) and the Black Industrialists Programme, have sought to
stimulate manufacturing, support small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and promote localisation and beneficiation.
However, industrial policy has faced significant challenges, including weak infrastructure, unreliable electricity supply,
policy uncertainty, and declining competitiveness in manufacturing. Structural issues such as skills shortages, rigid
labour markets, and an over-reliance on commodity exports have also constrained industrial growth. From 2024
onwards, South Africa must address these challenges by fostering innovation, improving infrastructure—particularly
energy reliability—enhancing skills development, and creating a more enabling business environment. Strengthening
regional trade through the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and leveraging new technologies for
industrial modernisation will be critical for long-term competitiveness and job creation. This panel will engage with
the commissioned research paper by Trudi Makhaya evaluating industrial policy over the last 30 years and provide
guidance on the steps to be taken for next 5 years with respect to developing new policy guidelines.
Chair: Nokwanda Maseko (Trade and Industrial Policy Strategy)
Setting the Scene: Trudi Makhaya (Boston Consulting Group)
Discussants: Neva Makgetla (Trade and Industrial Policy Strategy), Nazeem Mustapha (HSRC), Anthony Black (University of Cape Town), Pamela Mondliwa (University of Johannesburg; IDC)
Closed
Description
Since 1994, South Africa’s trade policy has focused on reintegration into the global economy, trade
optimisation, and regional integration. The country has pursued tariff reductions, World Trade Organisation (WTO)
commitments, and preferential trade agreements, including with the European Union and Southern African
Development Community (SADC). More recently, South Africa has prioritised optimisat ion and local value addition,
shifting toward a more strategic and protective trade stance, including sector-specific tariffs and optimisat ion
requirements. While the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) presents opportunities for export diversification
and regional trade expansion, persistent challenges such as inefficient port and rail logistics, policy uncertainty, and
global trade disruptions hinder competitiveness. From 2024 onwards, South Africa must navigate global trade tensions,
optimise AfCFTA benefits, and address domestic infrastructure bottlenecks to enhance export-led growth. Balancing
protectionist measures with competitiveness and ensuring regulatory clarity will be crucial to fostering a more
dynamic trade environment. This panel will engage with the commissioned research paper by Lawrence Edwards
evaluating trade policy over the last 30 years and provide guidance on the steps to be taken for next 5 years with
respect to developing new policy guidelines.
Chair: Yash Ramkolowan (DNA Economics)
Setting the Scene: Lawrence Edwards (University of Cape Town)
Discussants: Faizel Ismail (University of Cape Town), Mzwanele Mfunwa (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa), Donald McKay (XA Global Trade Advisors), virtual
Closed
Description
Since 1994, South Africa’s labour market policy has aimed to redress historical inequalities, promote worker
rights, and expand employment opportunities. Key reforms include the introduction of progressive labour legislation,
which strengthened worker protections and collective bargaining. However, the labour market remains highly rigid,
with stringent regulations, high unionisation in key sectors, and a high cost of labour relative to productivity. Persistent
structural unemployment—exacerbated by skills mismatches, slow economic growth, and technological changes—
remains a critical challenge. From 2024 onwards, South Africa must address these issues, enhance vocational training,
and foster job creation in high-growth sectors. Balancing worker protections with business competitiveness, improving
youth employment prospects, and adapting to the future of work will be essential for reducing unemployment and
promoting inclusive economic growth. This panel will engage with the commissioned research paper by Vimal
Ranchhod et al evaluating labour market policy over the last 30 years and provide guidance on the steps to be taken
for next 5 years with respect to developing new policy guidelines.
Chair: Daniela Casale (University of the Witwatersrand)
Setting the Scene: Vimal Ranchhod (University of Cape Town)
Discussants: Haroon Bhorat (University of Cape Town), Miracle Benhura (University of the Witwatersrand), Joshua Budlender (University of Cape Town)
Closed
Download De Lannoy's Presentation
Download Ramsarup's Presentation
Description
The scale of the transformations needed to achieve climate neutrality have often been compared
to those entailed by the industrial revolution, which significantly exacerbated inequality and vulnerability for those
lacking the skills adaptable to the new economy, despite having significantly expanded opportunities in sectors such
as manufacturing. While the transition to a low carbon economy presents significant opportunities for a truly equitable
prosperity path, its impact on employment in South Africa remains poorly understood and inadequately addressed in
policy frameworks. This panel brings together three papers that are aiming to understand the potential socioeconomic
implications of the green transition in South Africa from different angles and proposes concrete next steps for the next
5 years. The first paper profiles the workers in the coal value chain and sketches the implications of the coal phase
out in terms of social protection and its funding. The second paper uses a comprehensive framework to analyse
the impact of the green transition on the South African labour market, combining the top-down and bottom-up
approaches, and shows which municipalities and sectors will be mostly at risk. Finally, the third paper develops a skills
ecosystem mapping for the district of Nkangala, which concentrates coal-fired power plants, to better understand
the current labour market mismatches and potential solutions.
Chair: Anda David (Agence Française de Développement)
Speakers: François Steenkamp (University of Cape Town), Ariane de Lannoy (University of Cape Town),
Presha Ramsarup (University of the Witwatersrand), Neil Cole (Presidency - jETPMU), Anthony Gewer (National Business Initiative)
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Description
Since 1994, South Africa’s basic education policy has focused on expanding access, redressing apartheid-era inequalities, and improving learning outcomes. The government has implemented key reforms, including curriculum changes, school nutrition programs, and increased public investment in historically disadvantaged schools. While access to education has significantly improved, quality remains a major challenge, with poor literacy and numeracy outcomes, high dropout rates, and persistent inequalities between urban and rural schools. Factors such as underqualified teachers, inadequate infrastructure, and governance inefficiencies further hinder progress. From 2024
onwards, South Africa must prioritise early childhood development, teacher training, and curriculum modernisation to equip learners with 21st-century skills. Addressing systemic inefficiencies, leveraging digital learning, and strengthening accountability mechanisms will be critical to improving educational outcomes and supporting long-term economic growth. This panel will engage with the commissioned research paper by Gustafsson & Nonkenge evaluating basic education policy over the last 30 years and provide guidance on the steps to be taken for next 5 years with respect to developing new policy guidelines.
Chair: Cally Ardington (University of Cape Town)
Setting the Scene: Martin Gustafsson and Kolosa Nonkege (Stellenbosch University)
Discussants: Janeli Kotze (Department of Basic Education), Sipumelele Lucwaba (Right to Read),
Ursula Hoadley (University of Cape Town), Servaas vd Berg (Stellenbosch University),
Spencer Janari (National Treasury)
Closed
Description
Since 1994, South Africa’s immigration policy has aimed to balance national security, economic needs, and regional integration while managing the legacy of apartheid-era restrictions. The country adopted a more inclusive approach in the early years, easing entry for skilled workers and asylum seekers, but over time, concerns over undocumented migration, labour market pressures, and social tensions have led to stricter regulations. The introduction of visa reforms and work permit systems sought to attract high-skilled migrants, yet bureaucratic inefficiencies and policy uncertainty have hindered implementation. Xenophobic tensions and weak enforcement of immigration laws
remain key challenges. From 2024 onwards, South Africa must refine its immigration policy to attract skills needed for economic growth while addressing social cohesion concerns. Strengthening border management, improving the efficiency of visa processing, and ensuring a fair but firm approach to undocumented migration will be critical to balancing economic and social stability. This session will be Plenary.
Moderator: Alan Hirsch (University of Cape Town)
Speakers: Thulani Mavuso (Ministry of Home Affairs), Ottilia Anna Maunganidze (Institute for Security Studies), Christopher Nshimbi (University of Pretoria)
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Description
Since 1994, South Africa’s monetary policy has been characterised by a gradual shift toward a credible, rules-based framework, culminating in the adoption of inflation targeting in 2000 under the South African Reserve Bank (SARB). This policy regime has helped anchor inflation expectations and maintain relative price stability, despite external shocks and domestic challenges. SARB has generally pursued a cautious approach, balancing the need for price stability with concerns about economic growth and financial stability. However, persistent structural constraints, volatile capital flows, and supply-side shocks—such as electricity shortages and exchange rate fluctuations—have complicated monetary policy implementation. From 2024 onwards, major challenges include managing inflationary pressures amid global uncertainty, navigating interest rate decisions in a low-growth environment, and maintaining financial stability amid fiscal risks and potential capital flight. This panel will engage with the commissioned research paper by Nicola Viegi evaluating monetary policy over the last 30 years and provide guidance on the steps to be taken for next 5 years with respect to developing new policy guidelines.
Chair: Fouché Venter (Economics Research Southern Africa)
Setting the Scene: Nicola Viegi (University of Pretoria)
Discussants: Dawie de Villiers (Alexforbes), Roy Havemann (Stellenbosch University)
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Description:
Since 1994, South Africa’s competition policy has played a crucial role in dismantling apartheid-era monopolies, promoting market fairness, and addressing economic concentration. The Competition Act of 1998 established a robust regulatory framework, empowering institutions like the Competition Commission to investigate anti-competitive behavior, regulate mergers, and address market dominance. Over the years, enforcement has led to significant fines against cartels and dominant firms, particularly in industries such as telecommunications, retail, and construction. However, challenges remain, including high levels of market concentration, barriers to entry for
small and black-owned businesses, and regulatory uncertainty. From 2024 onwards, South Africa must refine its competition policy to foster inclusive growth by enhancing enforcement in digital markets, reducing bureaucratic delays in merger approvals, and ensuring that competition policy aligns with industrial development goals. Striking a balance between market efficiency, transformation, and economic dynamism will be key to fostering a more competitive and equitable economy. This panel will engage with the commissioned research paper by Willem Boshoff evaluating competition policy over the last 30 years and provide guidance on the steps to be taken for next 5 years with respect to developing new policy guidelines.
Chair: James Hodge (Competition Commission)
Setting the Scene: Willem Boshoff (University of the Free State)
Discussants: David Lewis (Founding Executive Director, Corruption Watch) virtual, James Hodge
Closed
Download Branson & Whitelaw's Presentation
Description
Since 1994, South Africa’s higher education policy has focused on expanding access, redressing historical
inequalities, and enhancing the global competitiveness of its universities. Key reforms include the merging of institutions
to create a more unified system, the establishment of new universities, and significant public investment in student
financial aid through the National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS). While access has improved, challenges
persist, including underfunding, student protests over fees (such as the #FeesMustFall movement), high dropout rates,
and concerns over graduate employability. The sector also faces pressures to align curricula with labour market
needs and expand research and innovation. From 2024 onwards, South Africa must address financial sustainability in
higher education, improve throughput rates, and strengthen technical and vocational education as an alternative
to traditional university pathways. Balancing affordability, quality, and skills development will be critical to ensuring
that higher education contributes meaningfully to economic growth and social mobility. This panel will engage with
the commissioned research paper by Branson and Whitelaw evaluating higher education policy over the last 30 years
and provide guidance on the steps to be taken for next 5 years with respect to developing new policy guidelines.
Chair: Ayanda Hlatshwayo (National Treasury)
Setting the Scene: Nicola Branson and Emma Whitelaw (University of Cape Town)
Discussants: Mamphokhu Khuluvhe (Department of Higher Education and Training), Thabo Mabogoane (Department of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation), Gerald Ouma (University of Pretoria), Spencer Janari (National Treasury)
Closed
Download Donaldson & Kahn's Presentation
Download Solanki's Presentation
Description
Since 1994, South Africa’s health policy has focused on expanding access, reducing inequalities, and improving public health outcomes. Key reforms include the expansion of primary healthcare, the rollout of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to combat HIV/AIDS, and ongoing efforts to implement the National Health Insurance (NHI) to achieve universal healthcare. While significant progress has been made in life expectancy and disease management, the healthcare system remains highly unequal, with a well-resourced private sector serving a minority
while the overburdened public sector struggles with staff shortages, infrastructure deficits, and inefficiencies. From 2024 onwards, South Africa must navigate the complex implementation of the NHI, ensure sustainable healthcare financing, and address critical workforce shortages. Strengthening primary healthcare, improving hospital management, and leveraging technology for better service delivery will be essential for achieving equitable and high-quality healthcare for all citizens. This panel will engage with the commissioned research paper by Donaldson and Kahn evaluating health policy over the last 30 years and provide guidance on the steps to be taken for next 5 years with respect to developing new policy guidelines.
Chair: Brendan Maughan-Brown (University of Cape Town)
Setting the Scene: Andrew Donaldson (University of Cape Town) and Tamar Kahn (Independent)
Discussants: Susan Cleary (University of Cape Town), Benjamin Smart (University of Johannesburg), Geetesh Solanki (University of Cape Town), Eleanor Whyle (University of Cape Town)
Closed
Description
Since 1994, South Africa’s environmental policy has evolved to address both the legacy of environmental degradation and the need for sustainable development. The government has implemented policies aimed at balancing economic growth with environmental conservation, such as the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) and the establishment of a range of protected areas. South Africa has also taken steps to reduce carbon emissions, particularly through the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP) and commitments to international climate agreements. However, challenges such as water scarcity, land degradation, high levels of pollution, and an over-reliance on coal for energy remain persistent. From 2024 onwards, South Africa must accelerate the transition to a green economy by expanding renewable energy sources, implementing stricter environmental regulations, and fostering climate-resilient agriculture. Addressing environmental justice, improving waste management, and protecting biodiversity will be key to ensuring sustainable development that benefits all citizens while mitigating climate risks. This panel will engage with the commissioned research paper by Cloete and Kent evaluating environmental policy over the last 30 years and provide guidance on the steps to be taken for next 5 years with respect to developing new policy guidelines.
Chair: Reza Daniels (University of Cape Town)
Setting the Scene: Brent Cloete (Connect Economics), and Bradley Kent (Economic Research Southern Africa)
Discussants: W eliswa Matekenya (Nelson Mandela University), Martine Visser (University of Cape Town), Yonas Alem (University of Göthenburg)
Closed
Download de Lannoy's Presentation
Download Devereaux's Presentation
Download Wright's Presentation
Description
Since 1994, South Africa’s social protection policy has focused on expanding coverage and reducing
poverty, with a strong emphasis on social grants and safety nets for vulnerable populations. The introduction of the
Child Support Grant, Old Age Grant, and Disability Grant, and during COVID the Social Relief of Distress Grant and
Temporary Employer Relief Scheme, has played a crucial role in reducing income inequality and providing support to
millions of South Africans. Despite these successes, challenges such as reliance on social grants, high unemployment,
and limited access to quality healthcare and education persist. The system has also been critiqued for not sufficiently
promoting active labour market participation or providing long-term economic empowerment. From 2024 onwards,
South Africa must explore ways to make social protection more comprehensive, by integrating it with labour market
policies that encourage job creation, skills development, and entrepreneurship. Expanding access to quality services,
enhancing the efficiency of grant administration, and ensuring that social protection supports sustainable livelihoods
will be essential in addressing ongoing social and economic challenges. This panel will engage with a range on inputs
from key individuals to engage with social protection policies over the last 30 years and provide guidance on steps for
next 5 years for the policy environment.
Chair: Ariane de Lannoy (University of Cape Town)
Speakers: Leila Patel (University of Johannesburg), Maureen Mogotsi (Department of Social Development; National Treasury), Gemma Wright (Southern African Social Policy Research Insights), virtual, Stephen Devereaux (University of Sussex)
Closed
Day 2
Download Makhasi's Presentation
Download Wantchekon's Presentation
Description
Overcoming corruption in South Africa requires a comprehensive strategy that builds on the findings of the Zondo Commission, which exposed deep-rooted state capture and governance failures. Key recommendations
included strengthening independent institutions, enhancing transparency, and ensuring accountability at all levels of government. Lessons from academic work in this field, for example focused on West Africa, highlight the importance
of citizen engagement, social accountability, and inclusive political participation in curbing corruption. Here we have seen that fostering grassroots democratic practices, such as participatory budgeting and community monitoring,
can help build public trust and reduce opportunities for misuse of power. For South Africa, this means combining institutional reforms with greater civic involvement, empowering citizens to hold leaders accountable while ensuring
swift prosecution of corruption cases. Ultimately, a blend of top-down enforcement and bottom-up civic engagement is crucial for breaking systemic corruption and fostering a culture of integrity.
Moderator: Reza Daniels (University of Cape Town)
Speakers: Leonard Wantchekon (Princeton University) virtual, Brian Levy (University of California, Los Angeles), David Lewis (Founding Executive Director, Corruption Watch) virtual, Yoliswa Makhasi (New South Institute)
Closed
Description
Between 2024 and 2029, South Africa must adopt a multi-faceted approach to addressing poverty and inequality by focusing on inclusive economic growth, job creation, and social mobility. Key priorities should include expanding access to quality education and vocational training, particularly for youth, to address the skills gap and
reduce unemployment. There must also be a focus on fostering small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), especially those owned by historically disadvantaged groups, through targeted support and access to finance. Strengthening social protection programs, while ensuring they are complemented by active labour market policies, will be vital
to lift individuals out of poverty. The government should also prioritise reducing the cost of living, particularly by improving access to affordable housing, healthcare, and energy. Moreover, addressing systemic barriers such as land reform, continued discrimination of certain social groups, and unequal access to resources will be critical in reducing inequality. By implementing policies that foster economic participation, skills development, and redistribution, South Africa can create a more equitable and inclusive society in the next 5 years. So how do we achieve this?
Moderator: Lusanda Batala (National Planning Commission)
Speakers: Lebohang Pheko (Trade Collective; National Planning Commission), Julian May (University of the Western Cape; National Planning Commission), Makhiba Mollo (Institute of Directors South Africa; National Planning Commission), Tshepo Feela (Diversifex; National Planning Commission)
Closed
Description
During Covid-19, South Africa’s social protection landscape transformed with the introduction of the Social Relief of Distress grant. Before this, most unemployed adults received no direct assistance except through PEPs. Simultaneously, the Presidential Employment Stimulus scaled up public employment. These changes, combined with shifts in local and global labour markets, present an opportunity to rethink public employment’s role in South Africa, especially regarding the value of participation in work. Participation in work goes beyond wage transfers, benefiting individuals by improving mental health, self-esteem, and social inclusion, while building skills and networks that support pathways into the labour market. It also creates social value by addressing societal needs such as health, education, and food security. For the economy, it stimulates local markets and infrastructure, supporting development, a just energy transition, and climate adaptation. Between 2024 and 2029, South Africa should expand these programmes to tackle high unemployment, aligning them with broader economic, social, and environmental policies to achieve long-term development goals.
Chair:Imraan Patel (Department of Science and Innovation
Speakers: Kate Philip (Presidency), Maikel Kie-Song (International Labour Organisation), Pascale du Toit (Brownie Points), Zak Essa (Presidential Employment Stimulus Programme; LSE)
Closed
Description
Between 2024 and 2029, the successful implementation of National Health Insurance (NHI) in South Africa will require comprehensive policy reforms and robust management to address the deep inequities in the healthcare system. NHI aims to provide universal health coverage by ensuring that all South Africans, regardless of income
or employment status, have access to quality healthcare services. To achieve this, the government must address significant challenges, such as inadequate healthcare infrastructure, capacity shortages, and the need for efficient healthcare financing mechanisms. Key actions will include improving the quality and availability of public healthcare
facilities, expanding the healthcare workforce, and establishing a sustainable funding model that combines public resources with private sector participation. Streamlining administrative processes, enhancing accountability, and ensuring that service delivery is both equitable and efficient will be critical for the NHI to achieve its goal of reducing
disparities in health outcomes. By 2029, NHI must contribute to better health outcomes, a more resilient healthcare system, and greater social equity.
Moderator/Chair: Steve Reid (University of Cape Town)
Speakers: Andrew Donaldson (University of Cape Town), Mark Blecher (National Treasury), Anja Smith
(Stellenbosch University)
Closed
Download Ewinyu's Presentation
Download Taylor's Presentation
Description
Between 2024 and 2029, South Africa must rethink its social contract to address the evolving challenges of inequality, unemployment, and social cohesion. A new social contract should focus on inclusivity, ensuring that all South Africans, particularly marginalised and vulnerable groups, feel valued and have a stake in the country’s prosperity.
This reimagined social contract should promote shared responsibility, with a greater emphasis on collaborative governance between the state, the private sector, and civil society. It must balance the need for social protection with the promotion of economic participation, providing citizens with opportunities for skills development, job creation,
and entrepreneurship. Furthermore, it should address historical injustices by ensuring more equitable access to resources such as land, education, and healthcare. By fostering a more just and inclusive system of redistribution and participation, South Africa can rebuild trust between the state and its people, leading to a more cohesive society that can collectively tackle the challenges of poverty, inequality, and economic stagnation.
Chair: Rudi Dicks (Presidency)
Speakers: Julia Taylor (University of the Witwatersrand), Lebogang Mulaisi (Presidential Climate Commission), Arabo Ewinyu (University of the Witwatersrand), Vusi Gumede (University of Johannesburg)
Closed
Description
South Africa’s climate and development challenges creates a multi-facetted puzzle for public policy. The country frequently experiences climate shocks in the forms of severe weather events, flooding and droughts. Climate shocks exacerbate the vulnerabilities within the world’s most unequal society, where 70% of the population live at risk
of poverty and deprivation. While South Africa’s vulnerability to climate impacts is similarly high as other countries in the region, its economy stands out for its high carbon intensities and relatively high emissions. The coal dependent economy consumes 70% of the coal it produces in energy intensive industries and aging coal fired coal plants and
employs significant numbers of workers. A just transition towards lower carbon and climate resilient development
pathways is an imminent challenge for climate governance, which has co-evolved during the same period since the UN Convention was established in 1992. The reintegration of the new South Africa into the international community was coined by a strong commitment to multilateralism and human rights. The South African government recognised
climate science and adopted the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. The past 30 years have since shaped a regime of climate governance with mixed success in adapting and mitigating climate change. This panel discusses the current state of climate governance in South Africa from a perspective of coherence and alignment. Here, climate
change policies and strategies are evaluated from a multi-governance perspective, following the logic of separation of powers as a constitutional principle.
Chair: Britta Rennkamp (University of Cape Town)
Panellists: Angela van der Berg (University of the Western Cape), Peter Lukey (Sustainable Development Consultant), Brian Mantlana (CSIR), Zakhele Mdlalose (Department of
Monitoring, Planning, and Evaluation
Closed
Description
Climate finance provides a compelling example of how inequality interacts with development challenges. The imperative for a just ecological transition has led to the development of innovative financing mechanisms. However, the success of these mechanisms depends on fostering enabling conditions that build public support, strengthen local governance and transparency and reduce polarisation. In South Africa, the Just Energy Transition and its financing is a great example of how both inequality and climate change can be tackled in a framework of sustainable development. This round table aims to bring together different visions and approaches to ensuring that the principles of justice reflected in the Just Transition Framework are put in practice in the implementation of the JET initiatives.
Chair: Rudi Dicks (Presidency)
Speakers:Lebogang Mulaisi (Presidential Climate Commission), Fulgencio Garrido Ruiz (Deputy European Union Ambassador), Neil Cole (Presidency - jETPMU), Carl Bernadac (Agence Française de Développement)
Closed
Description
Between 2024 and 2029, South Africa should strengthen the linkages between social security and
economic inclusion to ensure that social protection systems not only provide immediate relief but also support longterm
pathways to employment and self-sufficiency. This involves integrating social security programs—such as social
grants, unemployment insurance, and public employment programmes—into broader economic strategies that
foster job creation, skills development, and entrepreneurship. For instance, improving access to financial services
and social insurance for informal sector workers and the unemployed can encourage savings, asset building, and
investment in small enterprises. Strengthening the social security safety net in this way will not only alleviate poverty
but also promote a more inclusive labour market, reduce vulnerability to economic shocks, and ultimately contribute
to a more resilient and diversified economy. By 2029, these integrated policies can empower individuals, improve
livelihoods, and reduce the structural barriers that limit economic inclusion.
Chair: Leila Patel (University of Johannesburg)
Speakers: Aylin Isik-Dikmelik (World Bank), virtual, Kathy Nicolau (DNA Economics), Brendan Pearce
(Finmark Trust), Lauren Graham (University of Johannesburg)
Closed
Download Berkowitz's Presentation
Description
Financial inclusion is essential for driving South Africa’s economic transformation, as large segments of the population, particularly in rural and low-income urban areas, remain excluded from formal financial systems. Expanding access to affordable financial services—such as banking, credit, insurance, and digital payment platforms— can empower individuals, stimulate entrepreneurship, and reduce inequality. Key priorities include enhancing access to microfinance for small businesses, promoting financial literacy, and leveraging technology to reach underserved communities, as seen in several contexts on the African continent. Additionally, regulatory reforms should encourage
competition in the financial sector while ensuring consumer protection. By fostering inclusive financial systems, South Africa can unlock broader economic participation, drive job creation, and support long-term economic transformation.
Moderator:Reza Daniels (University of Cape Town)
Speakers: Gabriel Davel (Centre for Credit Market Development), Mkhacani Joseph Maswanganyi (Member of Parliament, National Assembly; Chairperson of Standing Committee on Finance), Bobby Berkowitz (FinMark Trust)
Closed
Description
The immediate priorities for South Africa to expedite land reform, grow agricultural output, and improve food security include addressing the legacy of land inequality by ensuring that land redistribution is equitable, productive, and accompanied by secure land tenure for marginalised communities. To stimulate agricultural growth, the country must modernise infrastructure, improve access to financing for small-scale farmers, and provide targeted support such as training, technology, and better market access. Enhancing food security also requires a focus on not just food availability but also affordability and nutrition, particularly for vulnerable populations. Given the risks posed by climate change, priority must be placed on building resilience in the agricultural sector through sustainable farming practices and improved water management. Additionally, reforming the regulatory environment and encouraging public-private partnerships will be essential in creating a conducive environment for growth. A comprehensive, integrated approach that balances social equity, economic growth, and environmental sustainability is critical to improving land reform, agricultural productivity, and food security. So, what are the next steps that must be taken going forward?
Chair: Pippa Green (University of Cape Town)
Discussants: Ben Cousins (University of the Western Cape), Thulasizwe Mkhabela (African Centre for Food Security), Sumaya Hendricks (Nelson Mandela Foundation)
Closed
Download Kima & Lesame's Presentation
Download Kima & Lesame's Paper
Description
South Africa’s macroeconomic policy is facing fundamental challenges that will define the country’s economic future over the next 30 years. Sluggish growth, persistent inequality, and limited fiscal space require a reconsideration of how fiscal, monetary, and innovation interact to build a sustainable and inclusive economy. This session brings together SA-TIED research that examines the macroeconomic implications of fiscal sustainability, inflation targeting, and R&D-driven growth, providing empirical insights into how these policies shape long-term economic stability. A key focus will be on how monetary policy interacts with fiscal and structural policies, addressing questions around inflation targeting, debt sustainability, and fiscal multipliers.
Chair: Roy Havemann (Stellenbosch University)
Speakers: Richard Kima (Southern Africa – Towards Inclusive Economic Development), Nyemwererai
Matshaka (University of Pretoria), Roy Havemann (Stellenbosch University)
Closed
Download van der Wath's Presentation
Description
South Africa’s ability to drive economic and social development depends on strengthening state capacity, public administration, and the governance of bureaucracies to ensure efficient and accountable service delivery. Currently, weaknesses in policy implementation, skills shortages, and fragmented coordination across government institutions limit the effectiveness of public administration. The country’s history of building a Government of National Unity (GNU) is one of the most powerful examples globally of how inclusive, cooperative governance can overcome deep divisions and lay the groundwork for democratic consolidation. This legacy continues to inspire hope, showing that with visionary leadership and collective will, governments can build institutions that are capable, accountable, and geared toward inclusive development. This session evaluates inputs from the GNU to state capacity and civil society activism, to the national accounting system.
Chair: Mastoera Sadan (Department of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation)
Speakers: Nicholas vd Waath (Stellenbosch University), Brian Levy (University of California, Los Angeles), Brian Levy (University of California, Los Angeles) and Vinothan Naidoo
(University of Cape Town)
Closed
Day 3
Download Dabalen's Presentation
Download Dhaliwal's Presentation
Description
The first two days of SA at 30 Years of Democracy have involved a deep dive into the evidence on the state of our nation and its options in the short term. This plenary session starts the final day by shifting our view above the detail of the immediate and above a narrow South African parochialism. We turn towards the future and to charting the way forward by taking a longer-run view of South Africa and of our place in the world. By 2054, the country must achieve several critical long-term economic development priorities to ensure sustained and sustainable growth, inclusivity, and prosperity. The country must transition to an expanding, diversified, knowledge-based economy, reducing its dependence on resource extraction and fostering industries such as technology, renewable energy, and advanced manufacturing. This includes investing heavily in research and development, innovation, and skills training to prepare the workforce for the demands of the African and global economies. Alongside this, addressing
deprivation and inequality will remain paramount, requiring a comprehensive approach to education, healthcare, land, housing, infrastructure, social protection and pathways into employment that provide each citizen with the opportunities to realise their potential and be aproductive part of the economy. These two prongs go hand in hand with South Africa building a resilient and sustainable economy by embracing green technologies, improving water and energy management, and prioritising climate-resilient infrastructure that mitigate the impacts of climate change.Achieving these priorities will require a holistic, long-term strategy that balances economic growth with social and environmental sustainability.
Chair:Murray Leibbrandt (University of Cape Town)
Speakers: Iqbal Dhaliwal (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Trevor Manuel (G20 Debt Panel), Andrew Dabalen (World Bank)
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Description
Infrastructure investment plays a pivotal role in “crowding in” development by creating the necessary
backbone for economic activity, which in turn unlocks inclusive growth. Strategic investments in transport, energy, water, and digital connectivity not only generate immediate employment but also reduce transaction costs and improve access to markets, thereby attracting private investment across sectors. By improving connectivity and service delivery, such infrastructure projects help bridge regional disparities and foster the growth of small and medium enterprises, leading to broader economic participation. International examples from rapidly developing economies llustrate that when government-led infrastructure spending is paired with reforms to encourage private sector engagement, the resulting multiplier effects can drive sustained, equitable economic development. For South Africa, harnessing these benefits requires a long-term commitment to sustainable infrastructure planning that is integrated with social and economic policies aimed at reducing inequality and promoting shared prosperity. It also means that substantive engagement with optimal public-private partnership governance models need to be explored to minimize the possibility of corruption and other rent-seeking behaviour to realise sustainable development.
Chair: Anthony Black (University of Cape Town)
Speakers: Karla Gonzales (World Bank), Ralph Freese (Independent), William Frater (Independent),
Saul Musker (Presidency)
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Description
To achieve a human rights economy, South Africa must prioritise inclusive growth by addressing historical inequalities through land reform, housing access, and policies promoting economic participation for marginalised groups. Strengthening social protection systems, ensuring access to quality education and healthcare, and promoting decent work with fair wages are essential steps. Environmental justice must also be a priority, with investments in sustainable development and climate resilience. South Africa should foster transparent, accountable economic governance, involve communities in decision-making, and ensure legal protections for workers and consumers. By integrating human rights principles into economic policies, South Africa can create a more equitable and just society, where all citizens can thrive.
Chair: Abigail Noko (United Nations Human Rights)
Speakers: Judge Dennis Davis (Prof Emeritus, University of Cape Town), Savitri Bisnath (The New School), Sakshi Rai (United Nations Human Rights), Dumisani Jantjies (Parliamentary Budget Office)
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Description
South Africa’s prosperity hinges on the vibrancy of its cities and the need to foster new forms of integrated, sustainable and inclusive urban development. Already more than two-thirds of the population live in urban settlements which is projected to rise to 75% by 2050. Cities account for a disproportionate share of economy including the bulk of manufacturing, business and knowledge economies as well as cultural and educational institutions. Yet despite the inherent development potential of cities, many metropolitan and secondary urban nodes appear to be in economic and social decline. This coincides with growing political instability in recent years, linked to a steady loss in ruling party support and the formation of precarious municipal coalitions following the 2021 elections. The previous government's ambivalence and indecisiveness about cities needs to change. Treating different places evenhandedly has avoided inflaming sensitivities surrounding territorial issues. However, relatively little positive action has been taken to overcome the spatial distortions of apartheid and to harness the developmental possibilities of better structured cities. This session will engage with leading intellectuals and practitioners in offering fresh ideas and outlining priorities for urban development covering the themes of economy, service delivery and governance, housing and municipal finance.
Chair: Yasmin Coovadia (South African Cities Network) Scene-setter: Ivan Turok (University of the Free State) Speakers: Justin Visagie (Human Sciences Research Council, University of the Free State), Andreas Scheba (Human Sciences Research Council), Seth Maqetuka (National Treasury), Glen Robbins (University of Cape Town)
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Description
To address youth unemployment in South Africa, several key steps are essential. First, there must be a strong focus on education and skills development to align the workforce with market demands. This includes expanding access to quality education, particularly in vocational and technical training, to equip young people with the practical skills needed in growing sectors like technology, renewable energy, and services. Second, South Africa should prioritise job creation through support for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which are crucial for absorbing young workers. Policies that reduce red tape, improve access to finance, and foster entrepreneurship will help young people create their own job opportunities. Third, the government should enhance public-private partnerships to provide internships, apprenticeships, and mentorship programs that offer young people work experience and a bridge to full-time employment. Additionally, the country should invest in infrastructure projects and industries with the potential for mass job creation, such as green energy, manufacturing, and digital services. Public employment programmes and social protection policies, including youth-focused grants and incentives for employers to hire young workers, can also ease the transition into the labour market. Finally, addressing structural barriers such as discrimination, geographic disparities, and lack of access to technology will be crucial to ensuring that all youth, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds, have equal opportunities to succeed. By combining education, entrepreneurship, targeted job creation, and social support, South Africa can reduce youth unemployment and unlock the full potential of its young population.
Chair: Ariane de Lannoy (University of Cape Town)
Speakers: Tshego Walker (Presidency), Mosuoe Sekonyela (Harambee), Waseem Carrim (National Student Financial Aid Scheme), Sanelisiwe Jantjies (Business Unity South Africa)
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Description
To become more resilient to systemic shocks like pandemics, climate change, and even geopolitical shocks, South Africa must focus on building integrated, real-time information systems for early warning and rapid response. Strengthening public health infrastructure, diversifying the economy to reduce reliance on vulnerable sectors, and investing in climate adaptation and mitigation strategies are key steps. Additionally, expanding social safety nets, improving crisis management training, and proactively engaging in scenario planning will ensure a swift response during emergencies. South Africa should also foster international collaboration with clear foreign policy and expand trade networks to share resources and best practices. These forward-thinking interventions will help the country build long-term resilience, enabling it to better navigate future crises.
Chair: Reza Daniels
Speakers: Ashwell Jeneker (Statistics South Africa, Dean Lillard (Ohio State University), virtual, Neil Cole (Presidency - jETPMU), Daniela Casale (University of the Witwatersrand), Ralph Wrobel (West Saxon University of Applied Sciences, Germany)
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Description
This concluding session serves as a pivotal moment in advancing a broader National Dialogue toward a more inclusive and thriving South Africa. While policy considerations are integral, this dialogue extends beyond policymaking to encompass diverse voices and lived experiences. Over the past three days, participants have shared evidence, analyses, and perspectives that reflect both historical challenges and future possibilities. Now, we turn our focus to actionable steps: • What are the key contributions we can make individually and collectively? What support is needed to maximise our impact? • How can we leverage our collective efforts for meaningful change? Can we identify and map out concrete starting initiatives?
Chair:Reza Daniels (University of Cape Town)
Panellists: Rudi Dicks (Presidency), Imraan Patel (Department of Science and Innovation), Verne Harris (Nelson Mandela Foundation), Carl Bernadac (Agence Française de Développement)
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